Separate the event from the speaker’s inference
In Die Nachricht muss verschickt worden sein., sending is the event. Verschickt worden sein presents it as an earlier passive event, while the modal expresses the speaker’s inference in this reading. Do not replace worden with geworden: the latter belongs to the perfect of becoming.
Die Nachricht muss gestern verschickt worden sein.
The message must have been sent yesterday.
Recognize the exception to final finite-verb order
In Sie hat warten müssen., the modal uses the replacement infinitive. In the corresponding standard written subordinate clause, finite hat precedes the infinitive group: weil sie hat warten müssen. This is a specific construction, not a general exception for every subordinate clause. Spoken and regional patterns can differ.
Er sagt, dass sie lange hat warten müssen.
He says that she has had to wait a long time.
Keep the earlier event inside the infinitive group
A perfect infinitive places the event before the surrounding claim or regret. Its auxiliary follows the participle, with zu immediately before that auxiliary. Choose the auxiliary the verb normally takes in the relevant use.
Sie bereut, den Brief nicht gelesen zu haben.
She regrets not having read the letter.
Make the recipient the subject
The bekommen passive presents the recipient or affected person as subject and keeps the thing sent, explained or reimbursed as an object. It uses a lexical past participle. Not every verb permits this construction naturally, and ordinary receiving without a participle is not automatically passive.
Die Kundin bekommt den Betrag zurückgezahlt.
The customer has the amount paid back to her.
Practise this pattern
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References
Original explanations and examples informed by grammar references. Level placement is an editorial teaching choice.